|
The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897. The definition and the criteria have changed since the inception of the term. These residential structures adhere to the current definition, and were designated National Treasures when the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties was implemented on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".〔 This list presents 14〔 entries of residential structures from 15th-century feudal Muromachi period to the early modern 17th-century Edo period. The structures listed include teahouses, ''shoin'', guest or reception halls and other rooms which are part of Japanese domestic architecture. While most of the structures are located in temples, one is a castle. In 2009, the early 20th century Akasaka Palace was designated as National Treasure in the category of "modern residences" (Meiji period and later). Because it is the only National Treasure in this category, it is listed together with the 14 pre-Meiji period structures. The foundations for the design of today's traditional Japanese residential houses with tatami floors were established in the late Muromachi period and refined during the ensuing Momoyama period.〔〔 ''Shoin-zukuri'', a new architectural style influenced by zen Buddhism, developed during that time from the ''shinden-zukuri'' of earlier Heian period palaces and the subsequent residential style favored by the warrior class during the Kamakura period.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 shoinzukuri )〕 The term , meaning study or drawing room, has been used to denote reception rooms in residences of the military elite as well as study rooms at monasteries.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 shoin )〕 A ''shoin'' has a core area surrounded by aisles, with smaller areas separated by ''fusuma'' sliding doors, or ''shōji'' partitions constructed of paper on a wooden frame or wooden equivalents, and .〔 A main reception room is characterized by specific features: a recessed alcove (''tokonoma''); staggered shelves; built-in desks; and ornate sliding doors.〔〔 Generally the reception room is covered with wall-to-wall tatami, has square beveled pillars, a coved and/or coffered ceiling, and .〔〔 The entrance hall (''genkan'') emerged as an element of residential architecture during the Momoyama period.〔 The oldest extant ''shoin'' style building is the Tōgu-dō at Ginkaku-ji from 1485. Other representative examples of early ''shoin'' style, also called ''shuden'', include two guest halls at Mii-dera. In the early Edo period, ''shoin-zukuri'' reached its peak and spread beyond the residences of the military elite.〔 The more formal ''shoin-style'' of this period is apparent in the characteristics of Ninomaru Palace at Nijō Castle as well as the ''shoin'' at Nishi Hongan-ji The simpler style used in the architecture of tea houses for the tea ceremony developed in parallel with ''shoin-zukuri''. In the 16th century Sen no Rikyū established dedicated style teahouses characterized by their small size of typically two to eight ''mat'', the use of natural materials, and rustic appearance.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 souan )〕 This teahouse style, exemplified by the Joan and Taian teahouses, was influenced by Japanese farmhouse style and the ''shoin'' style featuring tatami matted floors, recessed alcoves (tokonoma) and one or more ante chambers for preparations.〔 By the beginning of the Edo period, the features of the ''shoin'' and the teahouse styles began to be blended. The result was an informal version of the ''shoin'' style, called .〔(【引用サイトリンク】 sukiyazukuri )〕 ''Sukiya-zukuri'' has the characteristic decorative alcove and shelf, and utilizes woods such as cedar, pine, hemlock, bamboo, and cypress, often with rough surfaces including the bark.〔 Compared to ''shoin'' style, roof eaves in the ''sukiya'' style bend downward.〔 While the ''shoin'' style was suitable for ceremonial architecture, it became too imposing for residential buildings. Consequently, the less formal ''sukiya'' style was used for the mansions of the aristocracy and samurai after the beginning of the Edo period.〔 Examples of ''sukiya'' style architecture are found at the Katsura Imperial Villa and the Black Study Hall of Nishi Hongan-ji. ==Statistics== In total there are 15〔 structures at ten compounds in five cities.〔 Ten of these structures are located in Kyoto. The compound with most National Treasures of the residential building category is Nishi Hongan-ji, with three structures. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|